台灣自治議題Civil Government Incomplete Version to be continued。
在台灣地區的中國殖民政權體制內，「佔領方」是流亡中國人，「被佔領方」是台灣住民。如果美軍恢復駐台，在美國軍政府體制內，「佔領方」變成是美軍，而「被佔領方」則仍是台灣住民。問題是：流亡中國人並不會因美國親自執行台灣佔領而變成「被佔領方」，問題是：隨著國共之和解，中國人在台灣變成既非「佔領」、亦非「流亡」、更非「移民」。就法理面而言，在台中國人並不因此而自然成為「本土台灣住民」，就政治面而言，本質上對本土台灣人原來屬「敵方」之中國人，已失去在台灣正當性，成為「多餘(redundant)」之人，以致角色尷尬.，這是歷史的「偶然」及法理之「必然」。

According to Antonio Cassese, states must refrain from altering the structure of the concerned "people" by moving populations in or out of the relevant territory. 根據聯合國專案處理國際事務特任官義大利籍國際法專家Antonio Cassese看法，國家必須避免藉人口之「移入或移出」相關領土，改變有關民族之結構。

中國殖民政權「軍事佔領和政治流亡」日本台灣領土後，，經由大量中國難民之「移入」台灣，改變當地住民結構，導致當地之「民族特性消滅(the extinguishing of the ethnic identity)」，行為包括語言消滅(liquidate)等之文化消滅(ethnocide)，藉改變民族特性以「變種」之罪行，並不下於違反國際法之「滅種(genocide)」罪行，依照Antonio Cassese氏見解，足以證明中國政治難民，藉軍事佔領之理由，大舉移入日本台灣領土，殖民中國人於台灣領土，是違反國際法之非法行為。中國人在美國默許下，「流亡而非移民」至日本台灣。因此，台海兩岸之中國人完成和解後（簽署ECFA），美國有責任設法處理已無流亡正當性之中國難民。

There are two ways in which this change in regime could conceivably be brought about. Either would confront us with the eventual probable responsibility for removing the Chinese forces and many of the Chinese refugees by force to the mainland. This would involve a considerable amount of pushing people around, which would be unpleasant and might lead to serious moral conflicts within our own people and government. 設想有兩種方法使這種變化改變，我們都會面臨制度帶來的責任，可能最終消除中國勢力或眾多的中國難民部隊遣返中國。這將涉及大量人力作業，在我們自己的人民和政府裏，將是不愉快並可能導致嚴重的道德衝突。

在舊金山和平條約生效後，美國軍政府依和約Article 23(a)和中國殖民政權建立「代理」關係。美國軍政府一旦終止和中國殖民政權之代理關係，即握有「領土高權」；相對地，不再是佔領方之中國殖民政權，則因和本土台灣人及美國軍政府皆無關係，還原成「中國流亡集團」本來面目。因此，位階為被佔領方之台灣民政府，並非在代理法架構內，取代位階為佔領方，而握有高權之中國殖民政權，是在改制為真正的「台灣政府」後，在戰爭法架構內，取代位階為佔領方而握有高權之美國軍政府，行使台灣領土高權。

Concept of Civil Administration 根據戰爭法的民政管轄觀念：

Civil administration support is assistance to stabilize a foreign government. There are three mission activities that support civil administration: civil assistance, civil administration in friendly territory, and civil administration in occupied territory. It fulfills obligations arising from treaties, agreements, or international law.
民政府應支持協助穩定（佔領者）外國政府。主要有三項任務，支持民間管理事務、人民事務協助、民政管理被佔領土。必須履行條約、協定或國際法所規定義務。

1. Situations occur when military necessity or legitimate directives require the Army to establish a temporary government in an occupied territory. 當軍事佔領發生時，需要合法指令，要求軍隊建立在被佔領領土的臨時政府。

2. The civil administration in occupied territory is imposed force. The administered territory is under effective U.S. military control. 民政管理在被佔領土有被授權的力量，是美國軍事控制下有效管理的領土。

3. The U.S. military goal is to establish a government that supports U.S. objectives and to transfer control to a duly organized government as quickly as possible. 美軍的目標是建立一個政府（民政府）支持美國的目標，並控制盡快轉移到一個有組織的正式政府。

4. The U.S. military will identify, screen, and train reliable civilians to ease this transfer. 美國軍方將確定、篩選和培養可靠的平民，簡化這轉移。

5. Even with the use of local civilians, the occupying forces still retain the power to exercise supreme authority. 即使對當地平民使用，佔領軍仍保留權力，行使最高權力。

6. Granting authority to civilian government officials does not of itself terminate the Army's responsibility in the occupied territory.
被授予權力的民政府官員與人民本身，在被佔領領土上，不會終止軍人的責任。

7. The goal of U.S. civil administration of an occupied territory is to create an effective civil government. This government should not pose a threat to future peace and stability. Support to civil administration of an occupied territory should emphasize that an orderly and efficient transition occurs from civil administration to civil government and the obligations of international law and treaties are met. 美國行政管理目標，是對被佔領土建立一個有效的政府。這個政府不會構成威脅，讓未來和平與穩定。支持民間行政管理被佔領土應強調，有序、有效的過渡，運行民政與民事義務，讓政府和國際法和國際條約得到實現。

8. Occupied hostile territory is an area the United States has taken possession of (through force of arms) with the intent to keep it from enemy control. 敵對領土被佔領的地區是美國已佔有（通過武力）的意圖，保持它從敵人控制

9. Possession does not require the presence of troops in all areas of the occupied territory. The occupying force must, however, be able to quickly deploy to any area within the territory to enforce its authority. 佔有並不要求在場的部隊在各個領域被佔領的領土。佔領軍必須，然而，能夠迅速部署到任何區域內的領土行使其權力。

10. The head of an established civil administration system is the civil administrator, often called the military governor. The administrator is a military commander or other designated person who exercises authority over the occupied territory. 頭部已建立民事行政制度是民事管理員，通常被稱為都督。管理員是軍事指揮官或其他指定人員行使權力誰在被佔領土。

11. The occupying power may allow the existing government structure to continue under its control and supervision. It represents the easiest basis for developing a functioning government on short notice, since it is already in place. 佔領國可能會允許現有的政府結構，繼續處於其控制和監督。它代表了最簡單的基礎上制定一個有效的政府在短時間內，因為它已經到位

12. The occupying power may elect to retain all public officials or, for political or security reasons, may replace all or selected personnel with other qualified people.Programs directed toward effecting political reform, strengthening government agencies and institutions, and developing self-government are carried out as necessary. 佔領國可以選擇保留所有公職人員，或為政治或安全的原因，可能會取代所有或選定的人員與其他合格人民。Programs直接針對影響政治體制改革，加強政府部門和機構，發展自治政府進行了是必要的。

13. In some cases, the occupying power may find it necessary to reorganize, replace, or abolish selected agencies or institutions of the existing government. 在某些情況下，佔領國可能認為有必要改組，更換或取消選定的機構或組織現有的政府。

14. Replacing the existing government and building a new structure is the most drastic "change of administration, COA". The occupying power should adopt this COA only if the old regime has completely collapsed or is so hostile or poses such a threat to peace and stability that is continued existence cannot be tolerated. 取代現有的政府，建設一個新的結構是最激烈的「改變管理，農委會」。佔領國應採取這種農委會只有當舊政權已經完全倒塌或敵對或造成如此這樣的和平與穩定的威脅繼續存在是不能被容忍的。

15. The occupying power must obey the existing laws, but in many cases, it may have to change the existing laws. International law is quite specific about requirements. It must meet these requirements when changing civil law in an occupied territory. 佔領國必須遵守現行當地的法律，但在許多情況下，可能必須改變現行法律。在被佔領的領土要求當地改變民法，必須滿足這些國際法，是有相當具體要求。

作者：林 志昇（武林 志昇˙林 峯弘）
台灣民政府 秘書長